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Both transnational and diasporic perspectives stress the diversity of Chinese immigrants and their experiences. Present-day scholarship of the historical archaeology of the Chinese in the United States highlights the transnational behavior represented in the historical and material records. I combine a site-based analysis of the unique archaeological signatures at the individual Chinese sites with a larger regional perspective to investigate Chinese agency on multiple scales. The combination of urban and rural sites that were occupied contemporaneously and independently between the 1860s and 1920s allows for a deeper understanding of the different factors that influenced Chinese behavior and decision-making processes. I incorporate historical records, including census enumerations, tax assessments, Forest Service reports, maps, and photographs, with the archaeological data. I excavated key features at one of the camps in 2014, and analyzed a donated collection of over 500 diagnostic artifacts from seven of those camps in 2015.

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Between 20, I surveyed, mapped, and photographed a series of nine Chinese woodcutting camps north of the urban centers. In 2013, I conducted archaeological survey of two 1880s to 1890s Chinese sites near the Aurora courthouse.

In Aurora, 2011 excavations revealed 1860s Chinese residential spaces defined by a segregationist law.

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In order to explore how Chinese choice was shaped and influenced in the past, I examine historical and archaeological data from urban and rural sites in and around Aurora, Nevada and Bodie, California.

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This dissertation investigates how the Chinese faced these challenges, circumvented limits to their free will, and created new choices and opportunities within the mining towns. Throughout their time in Aurora and Bodie, the Chinese faced numerous challenges to their autonomy and agency, including discriminatory laws, threats of violence, and attempts to curtail their economic success. Between the 1860s and the 1920s, men and women of the Chinese diaspora were an integral component of the economic and social networks of Aurora, Nevada and Bodie, California.